Challenges to EU unity...
How are the European Union and EU member states (notably Hungary) coping with the migrant crisis, Brexit, the rise of the far right, and worsening relations with the USA?
Sunday 8 July 2018
The EU: how does it work, where is it going ("deepening" of relations between member states)?
BBC NEWS: How the EU works: a video guide
Link to europa.eu (official EU website): EUROPA
Page from europa.eu: Enlargement
Article from Wikipedia: European integration
Page on EUR-Lex (EU law): Deepening and widening
Page on CVCE.eu: Deepening
Article from Wikipedia: Multi-speed Europe
Article from Wikipedia: Federalisation of the EU
Articles from VOXeurop: Federalism
Article from Courrier International: Que ceux qui aiment l’Europe lèvent la main !
Hungary, member state of the European Union...
Where is Hungary?
Article from Wikipedia: Hungary
Article from the BBC: Hungary country profile
Page on the CIA website: THE WORLD FACTBOOK: Hungary
Page on the europa.eu website: Hungary
Articles from The Guardian: Hungary
Link to the Hungarian government website: About Hungary
Articles on Hungary in Courrier International: HONGRIE
Articles from The Guardian: Hungary
Link to the Hungarian government website: About Hungary
Articles on Hungary in Courrier International: HONGRIE
Article from TIME: Hungary's Far Right Leader Is Going Nowhere—and Europe Should Be Worried
Article (05/07/18) from Courrier International: Le départ de l’ambassadeur de France en Hongrie défraie la chronique à Budapest
Article from Courrier International: Vu de Hongrie. Le film “Budapest”, un concentré des “pires clichés” sur les Hongrois
Article (05/07/18) from Courrier International: Le départ de l’ambassadeur de France en Hongrie défraie la chronique à Budapest
Article from Courrier International: Vu de Hongrie. Le film “Budapest”, un concentré des “pires clichés” sur les Hongrois
Saturday 7 July 2018
What are the consequences of Trump’s foreign policy on European integration? By Mayssa
During his election campaign,
Trump promised to radically reshape United States foreign policy with drastic consequences
for Americans and the whole world. What is Donald Trump’s foreign policy exactly,
and what are its consequences on the process of European integration?
President
Trump’s worldview goes against the traditional American objectives as regards the
USA’s foreign policy (those espoused since the Second World War). The United
States has become, apparently, more inward-looking and isolationist. “America
first will be the overriding theme of my administration” President Trump has said
on numerous occasions… Trump wants to promote his country’s economic interests
even if that means compromising geopolitical stability. Thomas Wright, a
Brookings Institution scholar, has written that Trump’s beliefs include: “opposition
to America’s alliance relationships; opposition to free trade; and support for
authoritarianism”.
The United
States has withdrawn from the multilateral Paris accords to reduce global
warming (agreed on during the COP21). In his speeches, Trump has defended many other
policy ideas that would diminish America’s role in the world: reducing American
commitment to security alliances like NATO (the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization); more countries should be allowed nuclear weapons in order to
protect themselves without Washington’s help; Russia should be an ally (though
most American politicians see Russia as a threat following its meddling in the
American presidential elections); build a border wall to prevent illegal migration
from Mexico, etc.
Trump lacks diplomatic
experience and his “policies” are ideologically-driven; he makes a decision and
will not consider alternatives. The world is confused: does the USA have a
coherent foreign policy? What will Trump do next?
European
integration is a process. It concerns the harmonization of rules between nation
states. The member states have common EU institutions and a common set of European-wide
laws. The integration process started in the 1950s with the European Coal and
Steel Community. A few years later the European Economic Community was set up
and in 1992 the European Union was launched. There were six founding members (France,
West Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg). Today, the EU has
28 members. The EU is a regional trading block and political community.
Donald Tusk, the European
Council President, wrote that the first weeks of Donald Trump’s presidency contributed
to a “highly unpredictable” outlook for the Union, adding “change in Washington puts the European Union
in a difficult situation; with the new administration seeming to put into
question the last 70 years of American foreign policy”.
The United States
is Europe’s most important trade and investment partner. Trump’s aggressive
protectionist stance, which focuses on pulling out of existing trade agreements
and tariffs on countries such as Mexico and China, as well as his opposition to
the Trans-Pacific Partnership, indicates that he will not push for expanded
trade deals. One victim of the current anti-trade and anti-globalization mood
(seen not just in the US, but also in Europe) will be the Transatlantic Trade
and Investment Partnership, which the US and EU have been negotiating since
2013.
Multilateral
economic agreements and military alliances like NATO exist for good reasons. Trump
putting “American first” into practice will probably increase division in the
world (not necessarily to the advantage of the USA) and Europe will become militarily
weaker because of reduced US involvement in NATO and therefore even more politically
divided. However, Trump’s aggressive attitude towards G7 partners could result
in the opposite: EU members finally “doing it for themselves”, i.e. finding
alternative economic partners and agreeing on a common foreign and security policy
that works…
Webography:
> Article from THE HILL: US-European relations are in rough place, but it's not all Trump's fault
> Article from THE HILL: Do America and Europe have as strong a relationship as we think?
> Article from BROOKINGS (September 2000): Europe: Rebalancing the U.S.-European Relationship
> Article from WP: Trump may be doing the European Union and NATO a big favor
> Article from Slate: The EU Is Holding Together but Only With the Weakest Glue
> Article from About Hungary: A new chapter in Hungary-US political relations
Friday 6 July 2018
Is the migrant crisis over for the EU? By Louanne
Europa, the European Union’s official
website, defines the migrant crisis as: “many people in need of international
protection who are coming to the European Union to seek asylum [...] due to a
well-founded fear of persecution or risk of suffering serious harm”.
Today, when
we talk about the migrant crisis, we refer to the one million refugees who
arrived in the European Union mainly in 2015 and 2016. Most of them were
fleeing from war and terror in Syria and in countries in Africa.
A migrant
is a person who moves from one place to another. There are different kinds of
migrants, for instance there is the immigrant who is a person who comes to live
permanently in a foreign country, the asylum seeker who is a person who has
left his home country as a political refugee and is seeking asylum in another.
One has to be careful with the use of the words because all refugees are
migrants but not all migrants are refugees. Refugees flee war, poverty, terror,
oppression, etc., because their lives are threatened like in Eritrea, Syria or
Somalia. The official status of the “refugee” is defined in international law
with The Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, also known as
the 1951 Refugee Convention, which is a multilateral agreement
that defines who a refugee is, and sets out the rights of
individuals who are granted asylum and the responsibilities of nations that
grant asylum. Countries which have signed this Convention (like France)
consider as “refugee” any person who gets asylum status in another country
because this person was in danger and was obliged to flee (cf: SudOuest ).
As the
graph above shows, since 2016, the number of migrants has dropped considerably
(cf. also Europa) but the heated debates between the
member states within the Union suggest a major political crisis with migration
being the issue that reveals underlying problems like a lack of solidarity
between the European Union countries since 2015 (2015 saw the biggest spike in
numbers of refugees). The website VOXEurop.eu is one of many sources that
states that the crisis is not actually about migration but rather about
politics. I agree with this idea because the “crisis” has not been solved and
this is due to bad management of the humanitarian emergency and poor
cooperation between countries and the unwillingness of most countries to deal
with it in a coordinated EU-wide effort.
Even though
the European Union has planned to continue to rescue and help migrants in
accordance with the European Agenda of Migration proposed by the European
Commission (cf. Europa), Europe is now basically closed (we are back
to a “fortress Europe” situation).
The purpose
of the European Agenda of Migration was to organize how the European Union
manages its borders, the migrant mouvements within its territory, the rescuing
of lives at sea, the tackling of the root causes of migration, the reduction of
migrant flows, and the opening of safe pathways. According to the European
Commission (cf. Europa),
the EU saved 400,000 lives in 2015 and 2016 and 2000 traffickers were arrested.
The European Union worked with five African countries to reduce the transit
flow. Moreover, during the height of the migrant crisis, the European Union
agreed to pay Turkey €6 billion to take three million refugees (this is called
the “EU-Turkey Statement and Action Plan”). According to the Express newspaper
(cf. Express), similar plans were to be made with countries
in Africa. All these efforts however have been insufficient (and inefficient).
The
European Union says it now wants to create “controlled centres” outside or
inside its territory to process asylum requests (cf. Reuters); I wonder if this suggestion in fact hides
the EU’s real intention to close its borders, as the newspaper Liberation
states in its article entitled “Europe : on ferme !” Indeed,
the European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex), has been strengthening the outside borders of the
European Union (cf. Libération).
When a
migrant manages to enter a European Union country, he must be relocated to a
country which is willing to host him. This repartition of asylum seekers was
decided during the summit about migration in the European Union with the
leaders of member states. This summit took place in Brussels with sixteen
European Union leaders on July 24th the 2018. Some countries
like Germany, France, Belgium and Sweden, have hosted migrants, though only
34,000 refugees have been relocated in two years. Other countries like Hungary,
Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, which form the Visegrad group, refuse
to take in migrants and are opposed to the idea of repartition and resettlement
between the states. Even more worrying, the Hungarian Government passed a law
on June 20th 2018 which creates a new category of crime:
“promoting and supporting illegal migration”. Any person or organization that
provides any kind of assistance to undocumented migrants can be sent to jail.
It “threatens to jail those who support vulnerable people” according to the
Hungarian Helsinki Committee, a human rights group. I think it is a barbaric
law. Vox, in an article (dated 22nd June) entitled “Stop
Soros”, denounces this law: “The Stop Soros bill is every fear about
right-wing populism made manifest: an attack on basic democratic rights by an
elected government, one legitimized and made popular by attacks on vulnerable
minorities.”
We may
wonder why the refugees choose to go to Europe rather than the Gulf States.
Indeed, the Gulf is nearer and there are few cultural barriers. Moreover, the
Gulf countries have vast financial resources so they could afford to shelter
the refugees. But the Gulf States have closed their borders from fear of
terrorism and disruption of their labour market, plus they have not signed the
1951 Refugee Convention. However, Syrians don’t go to the Gulf because
the refugees are badly treated there according to the website RTBF which
published an article on that issue (cf. RTBF).
I would
argue that the migrant crisis is not over for the migrants because their
situation is getting worse: it is more dangerous crossing the Mediterranean and
conditions in Libya are not improving. Host countries of the EU are
becoming ever more unwelcoming (and difficult to live in for many refugees). In
mid-June 2018 when the rescue ship Aquarius tried to dock, no one initially
wanted to accept it and the 450 people on board had to wait for days in bad
conditions.
The crisis
is not over for European Union either because its members seem incapable of
agreeing on how to deal with this humanitarian problem, letting it turn into a
major political issue which threatens European unity. Some of the member states
refuse refugees completely like in Hungary with the “Stop Soros” law. Far-right
parties are growing in influence because they exploit people’s fear of the
refugees. Governments do not act to help the refugees more because they are afraid
that far-right parties will increase in popularity (and increase their number
of seats at the European Parliament following the elections in 2019). The
borders of Europe are closing because of xenophobia and weak leadership.
No one said
it was easy to uphold the European Union’s fundamental values (respect for human dignity and
human rights, freedom, democracy, equality and the rule of law). These values
unite all the member states; a country that does not recognise these values
should not belong to the Union. But, today, faced with an influx of desperate
people, how many countries of the EU respect them fully? How many individual
European citizens? What about you?
Webography:
>
Article in Europa: The
EU and the migration crisis
>
Articles in French from Courrier International: Migrants Europe
> Article from EXPRESS: MIGRANT CRISIS: EU should send BILLIONS in aid to Africa to stop chaos, German MEP says
> Video from REUTEURS: EU cuts migration deal after marathon talks, differences remain
> Article from Vox: Hungary just passed a “Stop Soros” law that makes it illegal to help undocumented migrants
> Article from Libération: Europe : on ferme !
> Article from VoxEurop: La crise est politique, pas migratoire
> Video from In a Nutshell : The European Refugee Crisis
> Article from EXPRESS: MIGRANT CRISIS: EU should send BILLIONS in aid to Africa to stop chaos, German MEP says
> Video from REUTEURS: EU cuts migration deal after marathon talks, differences remain
> Article from Vox: Hungary just passed a “Stop Soros” law that makes it illegal to help undocumented migrants
> Article from Libération: Europe : on ferme !
> Article from VoxEurop: La crise est politique, pas migratoire
> Video from In a Nutshell : The European Refugee Crisis
Does Brexit spell the end of the EU? By Manon
The term “Brexit”
appeared for the first time on the 23rd June 2016. But what does it
mean? According to the Cambridge dictionary it is the abbreviation of “British
exit”; it refers to the act of the United Kingdom leaving the European Union.
The EU is an economic and political association of 28 European
countries including the UK.
Why have the
majority of British people decided to leave the EU? And what are the views on
Brexit today?
Ross Clark, a British
journalist, said: “Brexit has led to a division in opinion in Britain”. In all
the documents I have read, the main problem of British people seems to be the
“EU’s handling of migration”: 77% of Britons think that illegal immigration is a
serious problem (and that the EU is incapable of dealing with the problem).
According to the
journalist Florentin
Collomp the problem is global. There is the desire to regain the control on
its population, a feeling of “enough already” exacerbated in England by the
United Kingdom Independence Party. Indeed, it would seem that half of
immigrants come from the European Union. The urge to reinstate national
sovereignty is also present. For the British, the migrants, the integration of
Greece in the EU, the EU’s restriction on agriculture and industry, etc. increased
its wish to leave the EU. Brexit will be the way to bounce back economically… But
what do other countries think of Brexit?
Many Europeans think that Brexit
is a bad idea (28% in France and Spain, 24% in Germany and 23% in Italy. Asked if
they think that future generations will be better off after Brexit, 52% of
Germans, 58% of Spaniards, 62% of the French and 65% of Italians answered “no”.
41% Britons answered that their children would be worse off…
Only six countries tend to be
confident in a post-Brexit future:
Luxembourg, Portugal, Malta, Ireland, Estonia and Hungary.
Will Britain’s departure make
the European Union stronger or weaker? Across the 28 countries only 16 % said
that Brexit will make the EU stronger against 43% think the opposite.
Surprisingly, only 2% of Hungarian people believe that Brexit will strengthen
the EU against 66%.
The British Ambassador estimated
that there are about 55,000 Hungarians who work for British companies in
Hungary. But now they have to sign up quickly to keep their work and to benefit
from the agreement. Iain Lindsay said: “It is very important British nationals
make sure they are correctly registered over the next year”.
But there aren’t
only Hungarians who work for British companies or go to work in the UK and it
will be very difficult to go there after Brexit. According to the article by Marc Zaffagni,
journalist for Futura tech, England needs people to work in agriculture; there
will be a shortage of seasonal foreign workers after Brexit. Some are hoping
the use of robots will solve the problem…
To conclude, Brexit will
weaken the European Union for sure because the UK (the world’s fifth economy)
has a powerful position in it, and it has the right of veto in the United
Nations. And Brexit might inspire other European Union countries such as Italy to
leave too…
Webography :
> Article from THE SPECTATOR: Brexit, immigration, future prosperity: the view from abroad
How dangerous to EU unity is the far right? By Héléna
Article from The Guardian: 'Ghettos and no-go zones': Hungary's far right fuels migrant fears ahead of vote
Article from euronews: Inside Hungary's far-right movement
Article from TIME: Hungary's Far Right Leader Is Going Nowhere—and Europe Should Be Worried
Article from The Independent: Billy Elliot musical cuts dates in Budapest after newspaper suggests it's turning kids gay
Article from The New Republic: The Opportunistic Rise of Europe’s Far Right
Article from THE Nation: Is Europe’s Far Right Stoppable?
Article from Wikipedia: Radical right (Europe)
Article from Wikipedia: List of active nationalist parties in Europe
Article from Courrier International: Parlement européen : et si les nationalistes l’emportaient en 2019 ?
Article from The Guardian: Liberal Europe isn’t dead yet. But its defenders face a long, hard struggle
Thursday 28 June 2018
Sources of information
The Guardian
The Independent
Mail online
The Telegraph
New York Times
Washington Post
Wall Street Journal
Positive.News
TED Talks
Channel 4 News
BBC One-minute World News
THE DAY
Global Voices
Courrier international
euronews
VOXeurop
L'Humanité
Libération
Le Monde
Le Figaro
La Croix
28 minutes (Arte)
Arte info
Cartoon Movement
The Independent
Mail online
The Telegraph
New York Times
Washington Post
Wall Street Journal
Positive.News
TED Talks
BBC One-minute World News
THE DAY
Global Voices
euronews
VOXeurop
L'Humanité
Libération
Le Monde
La Croix
28 minutes (Arte)
Arte info
Cartoon Movement
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